by Andrew Ormsby, SiftPop Guru
Have you ever wondered why western films have been so popular for over a century? It’s because they capture the essence of rugged individualism, frontier exploration, and the eternal struggle between good and evil. But here’s the thing: The western genre has come a long way since the silent film era, and in this article, I’m going to dive deep into the evolution of western films. I’ll explore all the themes, tropes, and cultural impact that have made it a staple in cinematic history. So saddle up, and we’ll take a look at how westerns have changed over time, and how they continue to influence our culture today. From John Wayne and John Ford, to Clint Eastwood and Sergio Leone, I’ll cover it all.
The western has a long and fascinating history that spans over a century. Its origins can be traced back to the early days of cinema in the United States. The first westerns were produced in the early 1900s, during the silent film era, and were heavily influenced by the popular dime novels and Wild West shows of the time. One of the most influential early westerns was The Great Train Robbery (1903), directed by Edwin S. Porter. This 12-minute film was one of the first narrative films ever made, and established many of the key elements that would come to define the western genre. It featured a group of robbers who hold up a train and then engage in a dramatic shootout with lawmen. During the same early period of westerns, another notable contribution came from the British film industry. Kidnapping by Indians (1899) was one of the first films to explore the western frontier narrative, even before the iconic The Great Train Robbery. Directed by British filmmaker James Williamson, the film was a short, silent production that depicted the abduction of a white woman by a group of Indigenous People. Kidnapping by Indians was groundbreaking for its time, as it showcased an international interest in the western genre and the captivating stories of the American West. The film laid the groundwork for future westerns by highlighting the tension between settlers and Indigenous People, a theme that would be further explored, and, at times, exploited by later films in the genre.
This early British blitz into the western genre also demonstrated the global appeal of the frontier narrative, which transcended cultural and national boundaries. The portrayal of Indigenous People in Kidnapping by Indians, however, reflected the prevailing stereotypes of the time, which often cast Indigenous People as the “savage” adversaries of white settlers. This problematic depiction would persist throughout the history of westerns, and become an essential aspect of the genre’s evolution, eventually leading to more nuanced and critical portrayals of Indigenous People in later films. Following the success of The Great Train Robbery, numerous westerns were produced in the early 1900s. Many of these films were short, one-reel productions that depicted stories of cowboys, outlaws, and frontier life. The western quickly became one of the most popular genres of the silent film era, with audiences drawn to the action, adventure, and drama of these films.
With the advent of sound in cinema, the western experienced a significant transformation. The “talkies” allowed for more nuanced storytelling, giving rise to a new generation of westerns that explored themes of morality, justice, and the complexities of human nature. The Golden Age of Westerns saw the emergence of iconic actors such as John Wayne, Gary Cooper, and Henry Fonda, who embodied the cowboy hero archetype, and brought it to life on the silver screen. During this period, the genre saw the release of numerous classic films, such as Stagecoach (1939), High Noon (1952), and Shane (1953). These films delved deeper into the complexities of the western mythos, examining the moral dilemmas faced by those living on the frontier, and questioning the idealized vision of the American West. The Golden Age of Westerns also saw the rise of prominent directors like John Ford and Howard Hawks, who elevated the genre through their innovative storytelling and visual techniques. In the late 1940s and 1950s, the genre took a darker, more introspective turn, with the emergence of the psychological western. These films focused on the internal struggles of their protagonists, exploring themes such as guilt, redemption, and the impact of violence on the human psyche. Notable examples include The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), Red River (1948), and The Searchers (1956). The psychological western often featured morally ambiguous characters, challenging the traditional notion of the heroic cowboy and offering a more complex, nuanced portrayal of the American West.
Coming out of the 1950s, Spaghetti Westerns were a subgenre primarily produced and directed by Italian filmmakers in the 1960s and 1970s. They garnered a devoted following and critical acclaim for their unique style, memorable characters, and gripping storylines. Notably, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) is often hailed as the greatest film of all time, a testament to the enduring appeal of Spaghetti Westerns. Well… I mean… anyone who is cool thinks so.
The term “Spaghetti Western” was coined by American critics as a derogatory reference to the Italian origin of these films. Despite their initial skepticism, audiences and critics alike soon embraced the unique style and approach of these Italian productions, which reinvigorated and revolutionized the western genre. Italian filmmakers, inspired by American westerns, sought to reinterpret and infuse the genre with their distinctive artistic sensibilities. One of the most prominent figures in the Spaghetti Western subgenre was Italian director Sergio Leone, who helmed several groundbreaking films, including A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965), and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. These films, which are collectively known as the “Man With No Name” or the “Dollars” Trilogy, showcased Leone’s masterful storytelling and innovative filmmaking techniques, which have since become synonymous with the Spaghetti Western.
Leone’s collaboration with American actor Clint Eastwood proved to be a turning point for both the director and the actor. Eastwood, who was relatively unknown at the time, became an international star with his portrayal of the iconic “Man with No Name” character. The enigmatic, morally ambiguous gunslinger embodied the essence of the Spaghetti Western, and became a defining figure in the genre, which is surprising since it really was a stroke of genius that contributed significantly to the enduring appeal of the Spaghetti Western subgenre. This strategic choice not only helped to establish the character as a formidable action hero, but also imbued him with a sense of relatability and universality through the ambiguity and mystery that surrounded him. The Man with No Name stands out as an action hero due to his exceptional skills as a gunslinger, his unwavering resolve, and his resourcefulness in the face of danger. However, what sets him apart from other action heroes is the enigmatic aura that Leone created around the character. The audience knows little about his background, motives, or history, which lends an air of mystery to the character, and allows viewers to project their own interpretations and imaginations onto him. This ambiguity enabled the character to resonate with a broad audience, as people from all walks of life could identify with the idea of an ordinary individual who rises above adversity to become a formidable force. The Man with No Name’s lack of a specific identity allowed him to be both an action hero and an everyday man, making him a more complex and relatable protagonist than the stereotypical cowboy heroes of traditional Hollywood westerns. Moreover, the anonymity of the character added a layer of psychological depth and moral complexity to the films. The Man with No Name’s actions and decisions were not dictated by a clear-cut moral code or personal history, but rather by the circumstances he faced and his own internal compass. This moral ambiguity challenged the conventional black-and-white portrayal of heroes and villains in the western genre, inviting audiences to ponder the nuances of human nature, morality, and the impact of one’s environment.
Another key factor that sets Spaghetti Westerns apart from their American counterparts is their distinct aesthetic and authentic approach to the portrayal of the American West. Unlike traditional Hollywood westerns, which often depicted clean-shaven, well-groomed, and impeccably dressed protagonists, Spaghetti Westerns embraced a grittier, more realistic portrayal of their characters. The actors in Spaghetti Westerns often sported unkempt hair, scruffy facial hair, and dirty, worn-out clothing, reflecting the harsh and unforgiving reality of life on the frontier. This attention to detail lent an air of authenticity to these films, allowing audiences to become fully immersed in the world of the Spaghetti Western. Leone’s innovative storytelling techniques, such as the use of extreme close-ups, extended periods of silence, and his signature incorporation of Ennio Morricone’s iconic score, have left an indelible mark on the history of cinema. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly‘s final showdown, a three-way duel set in a desolate cemetery, stands as one of the most memorable and suspenseful scenes in not only westerns, but in the entire history of cinema itself.
In response to the rise in popularity of the Spaghetti Western, the United States saw the emergence of Revisionist Westerns. This marked a turning point in the evolution of the western. These films arose as a response to both the classic American westerns and the Spaghetti Westerns that had dominated the genre for decades. By challenging and reinterpreting the conventions and tropes associated with westerns, Revisionist Westerns offered a fresh perspective on the American West and its characters, highlighting the moral ambiguities, the consequences of violence, and the darker aspects of the frontier experience. One of the key objectives of Revisionist Westerns was to deconstruct the myth of the noble cowboy hero that was prevalent in earlier westerns. While classic westerns often portrayed their protagonists as morally upright and heroic figures, Revisionist Westerns introduced characters who were deeply flawed, morally ambiguous, and, at times, even anti-heroic.
For example, the 1993 film Tombstone, directed by George P. Cosmatos, features Val Kilmer’s memorable portrayal of Doc Holliday, a morally complex character who is both a loyal friend and a dangerous gunslinger. The film blends historical events with fictional elements to create a gripping narrative that pays tribute to the classic westerns of the past, while showcasing the impact of Revisionist Westerns. By presenting a more complex and nuanced portrayal of the cowboy, these films encouraged audiences to question the simplistic narratives and idealized depictions of the American West that they had come to expect from the genre. Clint Eastwood’s Unforgiven (1992) is another prime example, where the protagonist, William Munny, is a former outlaw and killer who has renounced his violent ways. When he reluctantly takes on a bounty hunting job to support his children, the film explores the character’s struggle with his violent past, the moral consequences of his actions, and the brutal nature of the frontier.
Another defining aspect of Revisionist Westerns was their focus on exploring the historical, social, and political contexts of the American West. These films delved deeper into the complexities of the time period, shedding light on issues such as racism, colonialism, and the exploitation of natural resources. By doing so, they aimed to present a more accurate and critical portrayal of the West, challenging the romanticized and sanitized narratives of earlier westerns. One notable example is Arthur Penn’s Little Big Man (1970), which tells the story of a white man who is raised by the Cheyenne tribe and witnesses the atrocities committed against Indigenous People during the Indian Wars. The film challenges the stereotypical portrayal of Indigenous People as savage enemies by presenting them as complex, fully realized characters who struggle against the injustices inflicted upon them by white settlers. Revisionist Westerns also sought to examine the consequences of violence, both on an individual level and within the broader context of society. While classic westerns often glorified violence and presented it as a necessary tool for upholding justice and order, Revisionist Westerns painted a more somber picture, exploring its physical, emotional, and psychological toll of on the characters and their communities. Robert Altman’s McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971) is an excellent example of a Revisionist Western that addresses the consequences of violence. Set in a small, struggling mining town, the film follows the story of a gambler and a brothel madam as they try to establish their business amid the harsh realities of the frontier. The film’s climactic shootout is a stark departure from the glorified gunfights of traditional westerns, showcasing the brutality, chaos, and senseless loss of life that often accompany violence. The emergence of Revisionist Westerns marked a significant shift in the western genre, as filmmakers sought to challenge established conventions and present a more complex and critical view of the American West. By deconstructing the myth of the noble cowboy hero, exploring the historical and social contexts of the frontier, and examining the consequences of violence, Revisionist Westerns expanded the boundaries of the genre and invited audiences to engage with its themes and characters on a deeper level.
This evolution of the western has continued with the incorporation of modern sensibilities and a diverse range of stories, as seen in films like Tombstone. Kilmer’s performance is considered one of the most iconic portrayals of the character, capturing his charm, wit, and ruthlessness. His complex relationship with Wyatt Earp (Kurt Russell) is at the heart of the film, showcasing the blurred lines between friendship, loyalty, and the violent reality of the Old West. The film’s blend of historical accuracy and dramatic storytelling has contributed to its enduring popularity and its status as a modern classic within the Revisionist Western subgenre.
The modern era of westerns, spanning from 2000 to the present day, has seen a transformation in the genre, with filmmakers reimagining and revitalizing the classic Western formula to cater to contemporary audiences. Westerns have evolved significantly since their inception, with changes in themes, styles, and portrayals of characters that reflect the shifts in society and cinematic trends. One of the most notable changes in modern Westerns is the focus on moral ambiguity and complex characters. This shift was initiated by the Revisionist Westerns of the late 1960s and 1970s, which challenged the conventional portrayal of the noble cowboy hero. Modern westerns have continued to explore the gray areas of morality, with protagonists who are flawed, conflicted, and, at times, even anti-heroic. A prime example of this is James Mangold’s 3:10 to Yuma (2007), featuring stellar performances from Christian Bale, Russell Crowe, and Ben Foster. Bale portrays a desperate rancher who takes on the dangerous task of escorting a notorious outlaw, played by Crowe, to justice. Foster delivers a chilling performance as the outlaw’s loyal yet ruthless right hand man. The film delves into the characters’ moral complexities and challenges the audience’s perception of right and wrong.
Another significant change in the genre is the inclusion of diverse perspectives and stories. Modern Westerns have increasingly focused on marginalized voices, such as those of women, Indigenous People, and African Americans, to offer a more inclusive and nuanced portrayal of the American West. This trend reflects a broader movement in cinema towards diversity and representation. Several key figures in the film industry have contributed to the evolution of modern Westerns in unique ways. Quentin Tarantino, with his films Django Unchained (2012) and The Hateful Eight (2015), has paid homage to the Spaghetti Western, while incorporating his signature style of nonlinear storytelling, witty dialogue, and stylized violence. The Coen brothers have also left their mark on the genre, bringing their distinctive dark humor and visual flair to films like True Grit (2010) and The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018). Their approach has reinvigorated the genre, and demonstrated its versatility, proving that it can accommodate a wide range of tones and styles.
In terms of actors, contemporary performers like Jeff Bridges, Bale, and Crowe have become synonymous with modern Westerns. Their ability to portray complex, morally ambiguous characters has contributed to the genre’s evolution and appeal to modern audiences. The aforementioned 3:10 to Yuma is a prime example of this, with Bale and Crowe’s captivating performances exploring the intricacies of their respective characters, resulting in a tense and engaging film that showcases the depth and diversity of the modern Western genre.
The history of westerns is a fascinating journey that chronicles the evolution of a genre that has endured and adapted to shifting social and cultural landscapes. From its early beginnings in silent films and the classical era, through the emergence of Spaghetti Westerns and the challenging themes of Revisionist Westerns, to the diverse and complex modern westerns, the genre has continually reinvented itself to remain relevant and engaging for audiences. At its core, the western genre offers a unique perspective on the American West and its enduring myths and legends. No other type of film captures the spirit of the frontier, the struggle between civilization and wilderness, and the clash of cultures that defined this pivotal period in American history. Westerns have the ability to transport viewers to a time and place that is both familiar and distant, inviting them to explore the complexities of human nature, the moral dilemmas of the Old West, and the consequences of violence and lawlessness.
Moreover, the genre has consistently showcased the talents of visionary filmmakers, writers, and actors who have left their indelible mark on the cinematic landscape. Their contributions have helped to shape and redefine the genre, pushing its boundaries and opening up new avenues for storytelling and character development. In essence, the western stands as a testament to the power of cinema to both entertain and provoke thought, to challenge conventions and push creative boundaries, and to provide a window into the human experience that transcends time and place. As long as there are stories to be told about the American West and its people, the western will continue to captivate, inspire, and endure.
You can hear more from Andrew Ormsby on the SiftPop podcast